Canoe Financial LP
Headnote
National Policy 11-203 Process for Exemptive Relief Applications in Multiple Jurisdictions -- Investment funds that are fixed income funds granted relief from the concentration restriction in subsections 2.1(1) and 2.1(1.1) of NI 81-102 to invest in debt securities issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) beyond the limits permitted under NI 81-102 -- Debt securities of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government -- Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are government sponsored entities in the U.S. and their securities are "government securities" under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940 -- Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have a U.S. government equivalent credit rating -- exemptive relief granted from subsections 2.1(1) and 2.1(1.1) of NI 81-102, subject to conditions.
Applicable Legislative Provisions
National Instrument 81-102 Investment Funds, ss. 1.1, 2.1(1), 2.1(1.1), and 19.1.
July 5, 2023
IN THE MATTER OF
THE SECURITIES LEGISLATION OF ALBERTA AND ONTARIO
(the Jurisdictions)
AND IN THE MATTER OF
THE PROCESS FOR EXEMPTIVE RELIEF
APPLICATIONS IN MULTIPLE JURISDICTIONS
AND IN THE MATTER OF
CANOE FINANCIAL LP (Canoe)
DECISION
Background
The securities regulatory authority or regulator in each of the Jurisdictions (each a Decision Maker) has received an application from Canoe, on behalf of all current and future investment funds that are, or will be, managed by Canoe or an affiliate of Canoe (collectively, the Filer) and to which National Instrument 81-102 Investment Funds (NI 81-102) applies (collectively, the Funds), for a decision under the securities legislation of the Jurisdictions (the Legislation)
(a) exempting the Funds from subsection 2.1(1) of NI 81-102 to permit a Fund that is a mutual fund, other than an alternative mutual fund, to purchase a security of an issuer, enter into a specified derivative transaction or purchase index participation units (each a Purchase) when, immediately after the Purchase, more than 10% of the net asset value of the Fund would be invested in debt obligations issued or guaranteed by either the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac); and
(b) exempting the Funds from subsection 2.1(1.1) of NI 81-102 to permit a Fund that is an alternative mutual fund or a non-redeemable investment fund to make a Purchase when, immediately after the Purchase, more than 20% of the net asset value of the Fund would be invested in debt obligations issued or guaranteed by either the Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac
(collectively, the Exemption Sought).
Under the Process for Exemptive Relief Applications in Multiple Jurisdictions (for a dual application),
(a) the Alberta Securities Commission is the principal regulator for the application;
(b) the Filer has provided notice that Section 4.7(1) of Multilateral Instrument 11-102 Passport System (MI 11-102) is intended to be relied upon in British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Québec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut; and
(c) this decision is the decision of the principal regulator and evidences the decision of the securities regulatory authority or regulator in Ontario.
Interpretation
Terms defined in National Instrument 14-101 Definitions, MI 11-102 and NI 81-102 have the same meaning if used in this decision, unless otherwise defined herein. In addition, capitalized terms used herein have the following meanings:
1940 Act means the Investment Company Act of 1940 (United States), as amended from time to time;
Fannie and Freddie Securities means debt obligations issued or guaranteed by either Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac including, without limitation, bonds and mortgage-backed securities and Fannie or Freddie Security means any one such debt obligation;
Minimum Rating means a credit rating of BBB- assigned by Standard & Poor's Rating Services (Canada) or an equivalent rating assigned by one or more other designated rating organizations; and
U.S. Government Equivalent Rating means a credit rating assigned by Standard & Poor's Rating Services (Canada), or an equivalent rating assigned by one or more other designated rating organizations, to a Fannie or Freddie Security that is not less than the credit rating then assigned by such designated rating organization to the debt of the U.S. government of approximately the same term as the remaining term to maturity of, and denominated in the same currency as, the Fannie or Freddie Security.
Representations
This decision is based on the following facts represented by the Filer on behalf of itself and the Funds:
The Filer
1. Canoe is a limited partnership established under the laws of the Province of Alberta. The general partner of Canoe is Canoe Financial Corp., a corporation incorporated under the laws of the Province of Alberta. Canoe's head office is located in Calgary, Alberta.
2. Canoe is registered as an investment fund manager in Alberta, Ontario, Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador, as a portfolio manager in Alberta, Ontario and Quebec and as an exempt market dealer in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, Quebec and Yukon. Canoe is also registered as a derivatives portfolio manager in Quebec.
3. The Filer is, or will be, the investment fund manager of the Funds. The Filer or a related or third-party portfolio manager retained by the Filer is, or will be, the portfolio manager of the Funds. The portfolio manager of a Fund may also engage a sub-advisor to advise in respect of the investments of such Fund.
4. The Filer is not in default of securities legislation in any jurisdiction of Canada.
The Funds
5. Each Fund is, or will be, an investment fund organized and governed by the laws of a province or territory or the laws of Canada.
6. Each Fund is, or will be, governed by the provisions of NI 81-102, subject to any exemption therefrom that has been, or may be, granted by the securities regulatory authorities.
7. No existing Fund is in default of securities legislation in any jurisdiction of Canada.
8. The investment objectives of each Fund that will rely on the Exemption Sought permit, or will permit, the Fund to invest a majority of its assets in fixed income securities. The ability to invest in Fannie and Freddie Securities is, or will be, an important feature of each Fund due to the size and role of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the U.S. mortgage industry and the expertise of the Filer or the applicable portfolio manager or sub-advisor in investing in such securities.
9. Fannie Mae is a financial services corporation originally established by the U.S. Congress in 1938 to provide U.S. federal government money to local banks to finance home mortgages during the Great Depression. Its business includes borrowing money in the debt markets by selling bonds and providing liquidity to mortgage originators by purchasing whole loans which it then securitizes by issuing mortgage-backed securities. Fannie Mae also earns guarantee fees for assuming the credit risk on mortgage loans.
10. Freddie Mac is a financial services corporation that was created by the U.S. Congress in 1970 to expand the secondary market for mortgages in the United States. It was established to provide competition to Fannie Mae. Like Fannie Mae, the business of Freddie Mac includes buying mortgages in the secondary market, pooling them, and issuing mortgage-backed securities, as well as earning guarantee fees for assuming the credit risk on mortgage loans.
11. Fannie and Freddie Securities provide a substantial portion of the financing for residential mortgages in the United States.
12. Originally, the obligations of Fannie Mae were explicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government. The explicit guarantee was removed as part of a reorganization of Fannie Mae in 1968. Like Fannie Mae, there is no explicit guarantee of the obligations of Freddie Mac by the U.S. government.
13. Notwithstanding the absence of an explicit guarantee, it is widely assumed that there is an implied guarantee of the obligations of both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac by the U.S. government. This assumption is based on the view that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each are considered to be "too big to fail" due to the critical roles they play as instrumentalities of the U.S. government existing to support the liquidity of the residential real estate mortgage market. Accordingly, it is widely believed that the U.S. government implicitly guarantees the obligations of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. This is reflected in Fannie and Freddie Securities currently having a U.S. Government Equivalent Rating.
14. The implied guarantee was evidenced during the 2008 financial crisis. At that time, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac together owned or guaranteed approximately half of the U.S.' US$12 trillion mortgage market and were at risk of defaulting on their obligations. Such a default would have increased the cost of obtaining mortgage financing from other sources, thereby exacerbating the decline in the U.S. residential real estate market, as well as negatively impacting investors (including retirement funds and money market funds) that held Fannie and Freddie Securities. As a result, on September 7, 2008, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were placed into conservatorship of the U.S. Federal Housing Financing Agency in order to stabilize them. The U.S. government avoided creating an explicit guarantee of the obligations of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac due to the negative impact it would have had on the U.S. Treasury. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were expressly excluded from the bail-in regime created under Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (United States) to preclude future U.S. government bail-outs of large financial companies. It is expected that a further act of the U.S. Congress would be required to remove the implied guarantee of Fannie and Freddie Securities as part of a larger reform of the U.S. residential real estate market. No such initiative currently is a priority of the U.S. Congress.
15. Under the 1940 Act, an investment company registered with the SEC seeking to qualify as a "diversified company" is required, among other matters, to invest at least 75% of its total assets in a manner whereby not more than 5% of the value of its total assets is invested in the securities of any single issuer. This restriction is analogous to the diversification requirement imposed on public investment funds in Canada by subsections 2.1(1) and 2.1(1.1) of NI 81-102. Similar to paragraph 2.1(2)(a) of NI 81-102, the 1940 Act excludes a "government security" from the 5% limit described.
16. The definition of "government security" in the 1940 Act differs from that contained in NI 81-102 by including any security issued by a person controlled or supervised by and acting as an instrumentality of the U.S. Government pursuant to authority granted by the U.S. Congress (a U.S. government instrumentality). Each of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac is considered to be a U.S. government instrumentality and Fannie and Freddie Securities therefore are "government securities" under the 1940 Act.
17. The definition of "government security" in NI 81-102 does not include U.S. government instrumentalities. Accordingly, the only U.S. securities which qualify as government securities are those directly issued by, or fully and unconditionally guaranteed by, the U.S. government. Fannie and Freddie Securities do not meet this definition since their obligations are not explicitly fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the U.S. government.
18. As a result, the restrictions in subsection 2.1(1) or 2.1(1.1), as applicable, apply to each investment by a Fund in Fannie and Freddie Securities.
19. Fannie and Freddie Securities represent a large, attractive and unique category of investment that cannot be replicated by any other issuer. For this reason, it is important to the Funds that they be entitled to maximize their opportunity to invest in Fannie and Freddie Securities.
20. Investments in Fannie and Freddie Securities are considered by the Filer to be more prudent than investments in equivalent bonds and mortgage-backed securities of other issuers due to the implied guarantee by the U.S. government. Accordingly, if the Exemption Sought is granted, each Fund will have the opportunity to maintain a more prudent portfolio through greater exposure to securities implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government.
21. The Filer intends, either directly or through portfolio managers or sub-advisors, to research and monitor the investment attributes and trading operations for Fannie and Freddie Securities. Such ongoing research and monitoring will include monitoring proposals to restructure the U.S. residential housing market that may impact the implied guarantee of Fannie and Freddie Securities by the U.S. government. If the U.S. Congress proposes legislation to change or remove the implied guarantee, and the Filer determines in its judgement that, as a result of the announced proposed legislation, there is a significant risk that the Fannie and Freddie Securities held by the Funds could cease to have a U.S. Government Equivalent Rating or their credit ratings could decline below a Minimum Rating, the Funds will take steps that are reasonably required to dispose of their Fannie and Freddie Securities in an orderly and timely fashion such that the Fannie and Freddie Securities held by the Fund comply with subsection 2.1(1) or 2.1(1.1) of NI 81-102, as applicable.
Decision
Each of the Decision Makers is satisfied that the decision meets the test set out in the Legislation for the Decision Maker to make the decision.
The decision of the Decision Makers under the Legislation is that the Exemption Sought is granted provided that
(a) at the time of Purchase, the Fannie or Freddie Security has a U.S. Government Equivalent Rating and a rating not less than the Minimum Rating;
(b) the simplified prospectus or prospectus, as applicable, of each Fund that is a mutual fund, alternative mutual fund or non-redeemable investment fund distributing its securities discloses, or will disclose in the next renewal of its simplified prospectus or prospectus (as applicable) following the date of this decision
(i) that the Fund has received permission to invest more than 10% (or, in the case of an alternative mutual fund or a non-redeemable investment fund, 20%) of its net assets in each of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac provided the Fannie and Freddie Securities maintain a U.S. Government Equivalent Rating and a rating not less than the Minimum Rating;
(ii) the maximum amount the Fund may invest in Fannie and Freddie Securities under the heading or sub-heading "Investment Strategies"; and
(iii) risk factors that
(A) the U.S. government may not guarantee payment of Fannie and Freddie Securities; and
(B) describe the risks associated with the Fund investing more than 10% (or, in the case of an alternative mutual fund or a non-redeemable investment fund, 20%) of its net assets in securities of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac;
(c) if the rating of a Fannie or Freddie Security held by a Fund ceases to have a U.S. Government Equivalent Rating or declines below the Minimum Rating, the Fund will take the steps that are reasonably required to dispose of such Fannie or Freddie Security in an orderly and timely fashion such that the Fannie and Freddie Securities held by the Fund comply with subsection 2.1(1) or 2.1(1.1) of NI 81-102, as applicable; and
(d) if the U.S. Congress
(i) proposes legislation intended to change or remove the implied guarantee by the U.S. government of Fannie Mae and/or Freddie Mac and the Filer determines in its judgement that, as a result of the announced proposed legislation, there is a significant risk that the Fannie and Freddie Securities held by the Funds could cease to have a U.S. Government Equivalent Rating or their credit ratings could decline below the Minimum Rating; or
(ii) enacts legislation that
(A) removes the implied guarantee by the U.S. government of Fannie Mae and/or Freddie Mac; or
(B) specifies a future effective date on which the implied guarantee by the U.S. government of Fannie Mae and/or Freddie Mac will end,
the Funds will take the steps that are reasonably required to dispose of such Fannie and Freddie Securities in an orderly and timely fashion such that the Fannie and Freddie Securities held by the Funds comply with subsection 2.1(1) or 2.1(1.1) of NI 81-102, as applicable.